In World War I, the Allied victory was caused by the turning point of a stalemate on the Western Front at the Battle of Vimy Ridge. It was “the willingness of Canadians to renounce nationalism in the interests of efficiency and effectiveness that marked a new” (Dickson 40) transition towards the end of the war. Through the Second Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Aras, and observing the preceding massacre of the Battle of the Somme, the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) refined its defense tactics and techniques to fight the evolutionary battle that made Canada a nation. Great Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 and the Dominion of Canada was automatically motivated to mobilize. Nationalism and determination motivated Prime Minister Robert Borden to send abroad the first Canadian contingent, which contained 33,000 men.1 As Byng's biographer states, "Byng admired the Canadians for their 'fighting qualities and high morale,' but he believed they were undisciplined." and inadequately trained” (Dickson 41), showing how the CEF was considered inefficient and unproductive. The CEF was not mentioned or ennobled until the Battle of Ypres. This is because the contingents sent were considered part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Canadians tried to strengthen their nationalism through military technology and artillery, for example the Ross rifle was produced in Canada, but this rifle was a better target and overheated in the midst of battle. Another example is the Macadam shield shovel which was used as both a shield and a shovel. Conceived by Ena Macadam, it was a complete failure in every respect. The handle was too short, the shovel was too blunt to dig, the hole in the... center of the paper... unner of Canada; the history of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967. "MacAdam Altarpiece - Sir Sam Hughes - We Were There - Canada and the First World War - Canadian Library and Archives." (online). http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/firstworldwar/025005-2600.009-e.htmlDuffy, Michael. "First World War.com - Battles - The Second Battle of Ypres, 1915." First World War.com - A multimedia history of the First World War. http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/ypres2.htm.Duffy, Michael. "First World War.com - Weapons of War: Machine Guns." First World War.com - A multimedia history of the First World War. http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm.Graves, Gary. "CBC News In-Depth: Vimy Ridge Remembered." CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. http://www.cbc.ca/news/ background/vimy/.