Thoracic Spine Vertebrae from the middle part of the spine between the cervical spine and the lumbar spine. In humans there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. The size increases towards the lumbar vertebrae and the lower ones are much wider than the upper ones. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the body for the articulation with the head of the rib and transverse processes, with the exception of the eleventh and twelfth, for the hinge with the tubercle of the ribs. By ascending region and size, human vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, the first (T1) being closest to the scalp and the other going down the spine into the lumbar region. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayThese are the common characteristics of the second through eighth vertebrae. The first and ninth to twelfth vertebrates contain some characteristics and are described below. The bodies in the mid-thoracic part are heart-shaped and wide in the pre-posterior part, as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic area they resemble those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. It is a little thicker than the front, level up and down, protruding from the front, deeply hollow at the back, and slightly curved to the sides and forward. They have two facets on both sides, one above the root of the peduncle and the other near the front of the lower spine. they are covered with cartilage in the fresh state and when the vertebrates are connected to each other, they form oval surfaces with the fibrocartilage that intertwine for the articulation of the rib heads. The processes are directed backwards and slightly upwards and the lower spines are large and deeper than any other area of ​​the spine. The laminae are broad, thick and toothed, i.e. vertebrates underground like tiles and connect to the benches to surround and defend the spinal cord. The intervertebral caps are small and round, with two on each level, one for the right nerve root and one for the left. The shape of the spinal column is such that there is a large opening behind the spinal column, also known as the spinal canal. Contains and protects the thoracic spinal cord. The spinous process is long, triangular in the coronal plane, directed inferiorly obliquely starting from the lamina and ending at the end of the tubercle. These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth but are less inclined in the superior and inferior directions. The superior articular processes are a thin bony process that extends upward from the intersections of the pedicle and lamina. their facet joints are essentially flat and are directed backwards, laterally and upwards. Please note: this is just a sample. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay The inferior articulating processes are fused completely with the lamina, but slightly above their inferior borders. their facets are forward and slightly up and down. The transverse processes are the result of the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles. They are thick, strong and long in size, directed back and forth, each ending in a clubbed end with a slightly concave surface for hinge connection to the costal tubercle. Respiratory systems in different categories of animals have some common characteristics. There is a large surface area for gas exchange that separates blood from air or water. The barrier that filters blood from air or water is.