Youth is perhaps an emotionally perplexing and disconcerting period in an individual's life in which he can become absorbed by his apparent individual weaknesses, social position and the image that society perceives . In light of this abstraction, narcissistic tendencies such as egocentrism and vulnerability to the perception of others may just be part of classic developmental procedures; however, for some minors, these qualities may be less normative and more pathological (Bleiberg, 1994). The environmental factors that favor the development of narcissism have long been theorized by psychologists, in particular the role of parents and the parenting techniques they use. No explicit causes for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) have yet been discovered; there have been several research studies on this problem, some claim that it develops mainly through social and environmental factors, while others claim that it is genetic. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Many studies have been conducted to investigate narcissistic personality disorder. Many of these studies can be slightly unreliable because they are missing some key aspects such as definitions and descriptions of the disorder which make the study more reliable and descriptive, therefore easier to follow and understand. Errors such as inaccurate measurements related to the data collected to analyze the results have also been found in some studies, which will then alter the results, which will be discussed later in this essay. Capron (2004) is one of the most famous studies that have been conducted to support the role of environmental and social factors in the acquisition of narcissistic personality disorder. The purpose of this study was to specifically investigate whether there was a correlation between the development of NPD and parenting techniques, which are overindulgence, overpermissiveness, overprotection, and overdominance. The procedure performed required that first of all there was a group of participants made up of 100 male university students and 100 female university students. The researchers asked participants to complete two surveys, the first determines whether the participant has NPD to some extent and is called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) developed by Raskin and Terry (1988). Capron (2004) conducted a study in which an adult has to cuddle a child, but that, most likely their own child, falls under permissive parenting. Permissive parenting, as discussed above, usually leads to NPD. The results of this study confirm this as they found that when children are constantly pampered they constantly expect this attitude from different people around them, not just their parents. This causes spoiled children to develop narcissistic characteristics as they grow up. There appeared to be a direct relationship between parenting techniques and narcissistic character traits. The researchers found that, according to the data shown in the surveys, the strongest correlation with the NPI test was that of overindulgence and overpermissiveness. Since the participants belonged to two genders, an inconsistency was found between their results. In the case of men, overindulgence was related to the undesirable traits of entitlement and exhibitionism and was not related to the positive trait of self-sufficiency. While in the case of women, it was correlated with the undesirable traits of exhibitionism, deceit and entitlement, and was also correlated with the positive trait of authority. A study by Horton, Bleau and Drwecki (2006) investigates whetherThere was a relationship between healthy narcissism, which is classified as the characteristic of having realistic self-esteem without being cut off from a shared emotional life, unhealthy narcissism, and the parental dimensions of warmth, monitoring, and psychological control. The participants in this study were 212 high school students who lived with their parents. Participants were asked to take the Narcissistic Personality Inventory survey and a standard measure of parenting dimensions. The results showed that monitoring had a negative effect on both types of narcissism, while parental warmth was related to healthy narcissism. Horton (2006) found support for a relationship between parental warmth and two forms of narcissism as measured by the NPI, normal (healthy) and self-esteem controlling (unhealthy). Furthermore, they found a positive correlation between parental control and unhealthy narcissism with both adult and adolescent informants. This study established that parenting styles have a certain effect on the narcissistic characteristics developed by adolescents, this illustrates how social factors can lead to the development of narcissistic personality disorder. A study conducted by Johnson et al. (1999) investigate how neglect and abuse during childhood influences the risk of developing a personality disorder such as NPD later in life. The experimental procedure carried out involved 639 New York mothers and their children. The data collected for this study was collected through interviews over the course of eighteen years. The correlation between childhood physical abuse, neglect, and narcissistic characteristics was found by asking the children of these women to provide self-reports when they were young adults. It was found that people who reported experiencing physical abuse during their childhood were four times more likely to develop narcissistic personality disorder during early adulthood. The researchers found that neglect was specifically related to narcissistic, antisocial, and passive-aggressive personality characteristics. Therefore it was concluded that people who experience neglect in childhood are more likely to develop NPD and similar disorders, supporting the idea that NPD may occur or develop solely on environmental and social factors. Biological factors were completely ignored because researchers wanted to investigate the role of parenting techniques, which fall under social factors, on the risk of developing NPD. Johnson et al. (2001) is another longitudinal study that investigated whether mothers' use of foul language (verbal abuse) during pregnancy would influence the likelihood of their offspring developing a personality disorder later in life. Just like the previous study, 793 New York mothers and their offspring were studied. The data needed for this experiment was collected over a huge period of time, over the course of 2 decades. This data consisted of interviews and official New York State documents, and it was confirmed that this data regarding verbal abuse is independent of physical and sexual abuse and other similar factors. The results showed that children who experienced maternal verbal abuse were 3 times more likely to develop narcissistic, selfish, self-centered, and egocentric personality disorders during adolescence. One of the findings of this experiment was also that children showed a greater predisposition to developing NPD when exposed to verbal abuse from their mother in particular rather than from any other mother in particular. According to this research, verbal abuse during pregnancy, i.e. the use of aInappropriate language, has been added to the list of social factors, particularly regarding parenting techniques that increase the chance of developing NPD. There are several limitations found in some of the studies used in this essay that may call their reliability into question to some extent, but would not be considered completely invalid. Capron (2004) has a limitation of having the Narcissistic Personality Inventory as the primary aspect that determines the degree to which participants qualify for NPD. Nonetheless, this limitation does not make this study unreliable because, as stated previously, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory is a commonly used measure that evaluates this form of narcissism through scales that include adaptive and maladaptive traits related to narcissism such as self-sufficiency, exploitation, and superiority. . This shows that the study simply lacks research methods, but the existing research method it is using is a reliable source. Horton (2006) has strengths as well as limitations. One of the strengths found here can be identified as this The study allows the researcher to find certain connections and relationships between the variables which help to improve the overall results of the experiment. While it can show the specific relationship between variables, it cannot show or identify why this relationship was formed or why it exists. Horton (2006) and Capron (2004) share the same small limitation in using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, but this does not affect the credibility of the studies. Johnson et al. (1999) is classified as a highly reliable study because it is longitudinal. This means that the data needed to draw conclusions about this study were collected over a very long period, in this case eighteen years. There are also some weaknesses in this study that limit its strengths. An obvious limitation in this research work is that the researcher partially based his investigation on qualitative data such as self-assessments collected, instead of quantitative data, so the results may have been slightly skewed, but it is not extreme compared to reality. a point that significantly alters the results of the study. The study results are still quite reliable. As stated earlier in this essay, there is constant debate among researchers because some believe that NPD develops through social and environmental factors, while others believe that it develops through social and environmental factors. genetic factors, as opposed to social factors. A study conducted by Livesley et al (1993) observed the relationship between specific personality disorders and inherited traits through a standardized test. A self-selecting sample of participants consisted of 175 pairs of twins, 90 of whom were identical and the remaining 85 were fraternal twins. The procedure performed involved each participant being asked to fill out a survey called the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology. This test essentially evaluates the eighteen dimensions of personality disorders. The findings that this study appears to have are that narcissism, one of the eighteen dimensions of personality, had the highest percentage when it came to genetics, at 64%. Therefore the researchers of this study argue that narcissistic personality traits are developed by genetics and not by social factors. One possible aspect that may make this study more reliable is that they used twins to investigate the role of genetics in the development of NPD. One limitation of this study that may have a significant effect on the results is that there were a greater number of identical twins than twins,.