Dolly the Sheep is the first mammal to ever be cloned using an adult somatic cell through the process of nuclear transfer. This is where the nucleus of a cell (a breast cell in this case) is placed inside an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The fusion cell is then shocked and begins to develop, then it was placed inside a surrogate sheep. This process using an adult somatic cell was the first ever and led to the birth of Dolly the sheep, considered one of the greatest scientific discoveries, as it demonstrated that cloning adult cells is possible. The cloning of adult cells to create Dolly was performed at the Roslin Institute by Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmut in 1996 and the successful birth was revolutionary in the scientific world, as the process was so advanced for its time that it improved on what had previously used microinjection technology. The science behind Dolly's creation has come under enormous media scrutiny, due to the unprecedented amount of attention placed on the experiment. As a result, the media was able to influence the public's opinions and the direction that science (particularly biotechnology) might take, and the progress it might or might not achieve. In addition to increased media influence and attention, politicians seemed to take more interest in the science surrounding cloning and biotechnology. Dolly's success increased political involvement and had both a negative and positive impact on the direction and progress of the biosciences. For example, in 2012 biotechnology was officially known as the eighth great technology, however there were also many negative debates following Dolly's cloning, in the perspective of human cloning, which had a negative effect on the biotechnology process . Dolly's creation had a large-scale impact on science creating many negative and positive results for the advancement of matter. However, Dolly is seen as the stepping stone towards using other environments such as the media and politics to promote scientific discovery. Therefore, because Dolly's main goal was not to clone a sheep, but to improve human health, and because of the impact she had on the outside world and the subsequent progress made, I believe this goal can be achieved. plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Dolly the sheep was born in 1996 and was the first clone of any mammal obtained through the process of nuclear transfer and the use of an adult somatic body cell. The first process used instead of nuclear transfer was microinjections, this type of technology had many limitations and until Wilmut's success with Dolly, scientists had relied on this process. Microinjections had several limitations. First, they involved the addition of genes but could not be used to remove unwanted DNA, so it remained next to the desired DNA in a cell. Second, only a small amount of the injected embryos actually result in a transgenic organism (a transgenic organism is something that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated source has been introduced). Experiments and tests carried out in the mid to late 1900s showed that only 5% of sheep, 9% of cows and 20% of pigs subjected to the microinjection process became a transgenic organism, this shows how this process isimpractical and how expensive it could be. Third, the area where the transgene is located in the organism's chromosomes cannot be controlled because it is random. Furthermore, the transgene that is inserted into the foreign body is very sensitive to its environment, this is the reason for the low number of successful transgenic organisms. Finally, the timing of the transgene being implanted into the organism is vital to producing a fully transgenic organism. Many of the animals used are often injected when they have more than one cell, subsequently creating organisms that are "mosaic," meaning they carry two different populations of cells. The cloning process to create Dolly the sheep was a huge stepping stone to overcome the limitations of microinjections, as it was considered a huge advancement in its field and ahead of its time, due to the lack of interest in the subject of Dolly. it was seen as an awakening. Nuclear transfer technology after Dolly's birth revolutionized the science behind biotechnology, and the prospect of human modification and cloning was established. Dolly's main goal was to improve human health, and because animal DNA can be altered in a practicable way, it is believed that drugs can be produced from these animals to help humans. In addition to Dolly's primary focus, the new nuclear transfer technology has also been used in other livestock animals to demonstrate that higher yields can be achieved with this genetic modification. Thus proving that Dolly had also provided essential information to improve human health and more. Dolly has had a large-scale impact on the advancement of science and this has attracted a great deal of media attention and scrutiny. Many of the scientists, including some who had worked on the Dolly project, looked at and talked about the prospect of human cloning. This has sparked a fury of ethical debates over whether it should be allowed or not. This was the first time it was possible to access the media and see them influence the progress of science. For example, The Times and Nature saw potential human cloning as assembly-line production similar to that of Fordism, so they used particular slogans such as "CLONE IS MASS PRODUCTION" and "CLONE IS COPYING". In the early years after Dolly, this was the kind of attention that scientists and the science behind the process received. The media has used a particular argument to limit the progress of science through the idea that science is based on progress and progress. However, in the debate that followed Dolly's creation it was mentioned that if human cloning were allowed, it would go against the fundamental goal of science, which is to make progress. This is because human cloning ultimately prevents certain characteristics and limits the originality of each human being, preventing the human race from changing, adapting and progressing. Opinions like this were able to influence the progress of science, particularly in the early years after Dolly, with the media claiming that people would lose their identities if cloning was allowed and that science was "going too far ?". This prevented academic contribution to the public debate as the media had become so interested in the cloning process that it fueled public opinion and fears about cloning with this limiting academic influence. However, in the years following Dolly's birth, the media continued to support some aspects of the cloning process to help advance science towards stem cell research and find improvements forhuman health. Because scientists had discovered that the nuclear transfer process developed when creating Dolly, it could use specific stem cells to implant itself into diseased tissue and heal it without the immunological consequences that occurred during previous transplants. The media has shown their interest in the stem cell research process by highlighting its benefits and claiming that they could be used to save endangered species, produce biopharmaceuticals or improve human health. So, as time went by, the media changed their view on hindering scientific progress and moved to helping stem cell research and from this change of opinion 60-70% of the public now supports the use of stem cells in improving human health. This demonstrates the effect the media has had on the advancement of science due to the overwhelming success and controversy Dolly has received and created since her birth. In addition to increased media attention, there has been large-scale political involvement in science following Dolly's birth. In the early years, politicians behaved similarly to the media regarding stem cell research and Dolly's cloning process, showing negative responses to the experiment. For example, in Australia, in 1997, the government called for a national ban on human cloning and denied the use of federal funds to pursue research. In addition to this, in the UK, in 2001, the government enacted the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001, which ultimately prevented the insertion of an embryo inside a woman who had been created other than through fertilization. This point of view was adopted by politicians as they had a similar point of view to that of the media, however, it did not take long for them to change their minds and help the development of stem cell research. This occurred because scientists who were oriented towards stem cell research changed their practice from reproductive cloning to therapeutic cloning and showed numerous medical benefits if fully accessed. Governments around the world have been encouraged to see this change and in the UK in 2012 biotechnology was announced as the eighth great technology. In addition to this, in 2006 in the United States, the Missouri state government amended its constitution to allow any type of embryo research that was not strictly prohibited by federal laws. Due to the change in perspective towards the use of stem cell research, there has been a resurgence of political support and therefore money that allows the advancement of this particular science. In the United States, for example, the government has allocated more than 600 million dollars for stem cell research, in addition to this some states, such as California, have also allocated 200 million dollars. The process to create Dolly was not understood at the time of creation, thus causing an early obstacle to stem cell research. However, as views of science changed to accommodate therapeutic cloning, politicians were able to see the benefits and this would not have been possible without Dolly's birth. Please note: this is just a sample. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Dolly the Sheep was a huge breakthrough in the world of biotechnology, opening up many new avenues for scientists to access and exploit. The success of Dolly has resolved all the limitations of the previous microinjection process and replaced them with the new, more viable option of. 71–90.