IndexRack and Pinion SteeringBall SteeringWorm and RollerCam and LeverWorm and NutStubHub Steering System? What type of steering system did we use? The chosen material: SteelCosting A steering system is a set of components and connections that allows vehicles (car, bicycle, motorcycle) to follow the desired trajectory. Its main purpose is to allow the driver to drive the vehicle. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay There are two main types of steering systems: MechanicalEnergyMechanical: This is a steering system in which mechanical or manual force is used to steer. It is also known as manual or non-power steering. Power Steering: Power steering, also known as power steering (PAS), helps the driver steer by increasing the steering effort of the steering wheel. It is a system that helps steer the wheels using a power source or engine power. It is the steering system of choice when you need to make quick turns. There are three main power steering components: the power steering pump, the power steering fluid reservoir, and the steering gear. We have three types of power steering systems. They are considered types of power steering systems because they possess all the characteristics of a power steering system. These are: Hydraulic Power Steering Fully Electric Power Steering (EPS) Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering (EPHS) Hydraulic: A hydraulic power system uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the turning motion of the steering wheel. It works as a transmission system that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery. Hydraulic pressure typically comes from a generator or rotary vane pump driven by the vehicle's engine. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder applies force to the steering, which in turn turns the wheels. It adds controlled energy to the steering mechanism, so the driver can provide less effort to turn the steering wheels when driving at typical speeds and considerably reduce the physical effort required to turn the wheels when a vehicle is stationary or moving slowly. Hydraulic power steering systems for automobiles increase steering effort via an actuator, a hydraulic cylinder that is part of a servo system. These systems have a direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the link that steers the wheels. This means that failure of the power steering system (to increase effort) still allows the vehicle to be steered using manual effort alone. A hydraulic drive system consists of three parts: the generator (for example a hydraulic pump), driven by an electric motor, a combustion engine or a windmill; valves, filters, pipes etc. (to guide and control the system); and the actuator (such as a hydraulic motor or hydraulic cylinder) to operate the machinery.Electro-hydraulic power steering system (EPHS): The electro-hydraulic system (sometimes abbreviated EPHS or EHPS) is also sometimes called a "hybrid" system. It uses the same hydraulic assist technology as the standard hydraulic system, but the hydraulic pressure comes from a pump driven by an electric motor rather than a drive belt on the engine. The traditional belts and pulleys that drive the power steering pump are replaced by a brushless motor. It is driven by an electric motor and therefore also reduces the amount of power that would otherwise have to be drawn from the engine. Electric Power Steering (EPS): In this type of system, an electric motor replaces the hydraulic pump and a fully electric motor ispower steering system installed. The electric motor is attached to the rack or steering column. The important component is the electronic control unit because it controls the steering dynamics. Sensors detect the position and torque of the steering column, and a computer module applies the assist torque via the motor, which connects to the steering gear or steering column. This allows variable amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. In EPS a mechanical connection is usually maintained between the steering wheel and the steering gear. This means that in the event of a failure that makes it impossible to provide assistance, the mechanical link acts as a backup. The driver is therefore faced with a situation in which considerable effort is required to steer. Depending on the driving situation and the skill of the driver, the loss of steering assistance may or may not lead to an accident. Electric systems have a fuel efficiency advantage because there is no constantly running belt-driven hydraulic pump, regardless of whether or not assistance is needed. This was the main reason for their introduction. Another major benefit is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory and several high-pressure hydraulic hoses between the engine-mounted hydraulic pump and the chassis-mounted steering gear. This helps simplify production and maintenance. The electrical power system is necessary for some power steering systems, such as those of larger off-road construction vehicles. Their systems, sometimes called "drive by wire" or "steer by wire", have no direct mechanical connection to the steering linkage and therefore require electrical power. In this context, "wire" refers to electrical cables that carry power and data, not thin-rope mechanical control cables. Most cars today are equipped with power steering systems. Very few use mechanical steering. EPS is often preferred, due to fuel savings and lower emissions. Mechanical steering systems use the power of human muscles. In this system, more effort is required to steer the vehicles. The only source of energy is the force the driver applies to the steering wheel. However, in power steering, mechanical steering can always be available, in the event of an engine problem or in the event of a failure of the power assist system. EPS is more efficient than hydraulic power steering because the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assistance when you turn the steering wheel, while the hydraulic pump needs to run constantly. In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily customized based on vehicle type, road speed and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of the environmental risk posed by leaks and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid. Furthermore, the electric assistance is not lost in the event of engine failure or stalling, while the hydraulic assistance stops working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the driver now has to turn not only the very heavy steering wheel ( without any help) but also the steering wheel power assistance system itself. There are two basic steering mechanisms: Rack and pinion steering Recirculating ball steering Rack and pinion steering In this system, a pinion is connected to the steering shaft. This means that when you turn the steering wheel it turns the pinion (circular) and thus moves the rack (linear). It basically uses the rotary motion of the steering wheels and converts this rotary motion into linear motion. Alternatively, it could be described as a circular gear calledopinion, which meshes teeth on the linear gear bar called the rack. Rotational motion is then applied to the opinion that causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thus translating the rotary motion of the pinion into linear motion. This linear motion is necessary to turn the wheels. It provides a less efficient mechanical advantage than other mechanisms, such as the recirculating ball, but less play and more feedback or steering feel. In mechanical steering systems, this process is performed manually while in power steering systems it is power-assisted, usually by hydraulic or electrical means. Recirculating Ball Steering Also known as recirculating ball and nut or worm and sector. Here a box with a threaded hole is fixed on a worm screw which contains numerous ball bearings. These ball bearings rotate around the worm drive and these balls go out into a recirculation channel and return back into the worm drive again. This block gear has teeth cut on the outside to engage the sector shaft (also called the sector gear) that moves the pitman arm. Since the steering wheel is connected to a shaft that rotates the worm gear inside the block, instead of rotating further into the block, the worm gear is fixed so that when it turns, it moves the block, which transmits motion through the gear to the pitman's arm, causing the wheels to turn. When you turn the steering wheel, the worm drive turns and forces the balls to press against the channel inside the nut. Now force the nut to move along the worm. It is a steering mechanism found in older cars, off-road trucks, and some trucks. Finally, mechanical steering systems are listed below. They also appear as power steering systems, with hydraulic or electric or electro-hydraulic power, rather than manual. These include: Worm and sector (ball steering) Worm and roller Cam and lever Worm and nut Rack and pinion Worm and roller This is quite similar to the worm and sector, except the fact that a roller is supported by ball or roller bearings within the sector, mounted on the pitman arm shaft. Sliding friction is changed to rolling friction so that less effort is required to turn the steering wheel. This is only possible because the sector teeth are machined on a roller. As the steering wheel turns the worm, the roller turns with it, forcing the sector and pitman arm shaft to rotate. Friction is further reduced by mounting the roller on bearings in a saddle at the inner end of the pitman arm shaft. The hourglass shape of the worm, which tapers from both ends to the center, allows for better contact between the worm and the roller in every position. This design provides a variable steering ratio to allow for faster and more efficient steering. “Variable steering ratio” means that the ratio is greater in one position than in another. Therefore, in certain positions, the wheels spin faster than in others. At center, the steering ratio is high, providing greater steering control. When the wheels are turned, however, the ratio decreases so the steering action is much faster. This design is very useful for parking and maneuvering the vehicle. Cam and LeverIn cam and lever steering, the worm is known as the cam. The inner end of the pitman arm shaft has a lever that contains a tapered pin. The pin engages the cam so that the lever is moved back and forth when the car is turned forward and backward. If the pinconical is fixed in the lever so that it cannot rotate, sliding friction is created between the pin and the cam. Therefore, on some vehicles equipped with this type of steering gear, the pin is mounted on bearings so that it rolls in the cam groove (thread) instead of slipping. In some large trucks, cam steering and dual lever are used. It is essentially a cam and lever gear with two tapered pins instead of one. The pins are sometimes fixed in the lever, or they may be mounted on bearings. Worm and nutThis steering is made in different combinations. The nut engages and threads up and down onto the worm gear. The nut can operate the control arm directly via a lever or via a sector on the control arm shaft. The recirculating ball is the most common type of worm and nut steering. In this case, the scroll (which is shaped like a sleeve) is mounted on a continuous row of balls on the worm gear to reduce friction. The ball nut has grooves machined to fit the shape of the worm gear. The snail is then equipped with tubular guides to bring the balls diagonally back through the snail for recirculation, as the snail moves up and down on the worm gear. With this design, the nut is moved on the worm gear by rolling rather than sliding contact. Rotating the worm gear moves the nut and forces the sector and arm of the pitman shaft to turn. StubHub steering system? What type of steering system did we use? Tires are designed not only to support the weight of a vehicle but also to absorb shocks from the road, transmit traction, torque and braking force to the road, and maintain and change direction of travel. The vehicle was built to be a light off-road vehicle. This means it is suitable for use on and off paved or gravelled surfaces. For this vehicle we chose radials. A radial tire is a particular model of tire, in which the plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially. For a normal off-road vehicle, tires have thick, deep threads. Knowing that our stroller would not be used on very sandy terrain, we selected tires with a thread that was not too thick. The exposed edges of the wires dig into soft soil, offering greater traction than rolling friction alone. Because our tires have less aggressive lugs, it means we can also have adequate traction to allow movement on pavement, unlike typical off-road tires. They are usually larger where there is more weight in the vehicle. So the rear tires of our vehicle are larger. It is also larger at the rear because we designed the vehicle to be 2-wheel drive, with the drive axle on the rear tires. In rear-wheel-drive vehicles, the engine or power source turns a drive shaft (also called a propeller shaft or tailshaft) that transmits rotational force to a drive axle at the rear of the vehicle. To allow the vehicle to move, the wheels must be large enough to not only support the weight of the vehicle (when empty or not) but also to move when power is transmitted to it. The chosen material: Steel Steel is quite cheap to obtain, it is also widely recycled. It is a material that does not lose its special properties (i.e. strength, hardenability, weldability, ductility etc.) after being recycled. This makes it a good choice because we have the option of using new or recycled steel to reduce.