To quote the critical anthology, "Gender does not have to do with what women (and men) actually are like, but with the way a given culture or subculture sees them, how they are culturally constructed.' In Chuck Palahniuk's novel, Invisible Monsters, his combination of gender and identity challenges the perspective of this statement at length. In this novel, Palahniuk addresses several aspects of gender in modern American society, such as the debated relationship between femininity and masculinity the controversy over sexuality. Palahniuk makes his contribution to the ongoing debate on gender by "challenging what is considered 'normal' in terms of gender through his depiction of characters who are not bound by social laws that follow sexual identity" (Kjersti Jacobsen), however, does not believe that his novels are about this, stating that in all of his novels "gender becomes irrelevant". interestingly. Furthermore, through these essentially “uncategorized” characters created by Palahniuk, he illustrates the idea that there is an uncertainty about who we are. Palahniuk's novel tells the story of a young model, the protagonist, who is bored of being a beautiful woman, so she embarks on a mission to escape the addiction of being beautiful. The story is told in first person, with a non-linear narrative, starting with the end of the narrative, and then jumping through a series of events, all out of sequence; starting most paragraphs with “Go to.” Palahniuk creates this narrative structure to create the feel of a modern women's magazine, where the reader jumps from page to page. However, some critics have a... piece of paper... a theory to live by, presenting strong male dominance over a female protagonist. As Francisco Collado-Rodríguez states, 'Gender is understood as a matter of cultural creation and therefore subject to redefinition.' While ambiguous, this could imply that there are no limits to gender. A person's biological sex can be easily reconstructed through operations and taking drugs. He adds: "Without limits, the characters abundantly transgress the gender markers of patriarchy." Furthermore, in support of Kjersti Jacobsen's statement, "sex does not cause gender, and gender cannot be understood as a reflection of sex." Thus, there are no clearly defined boundaries between gender and sex by Judith Butler, «If the posthuman being is a construct, it can be reconstructed as being man, woman, transvestite or fully transsexual, and as being homo, straight or bisexual..’