The lack of a directive on freedmen's rights led to an incomplete upheaval of slavery. Foner argues that "freedmen were not given the American ideal of equal citizenship." The adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 as part of the Reconstruction Amendments attempted to resolve this discrepancy, however political manipulation in the Southern states and mismanagement of immigration added, in a small part, to the failure of Reconstruction. Foner discusses the concept of Reconstruction as one that is constantly changing and representative of a larger political revolution. He calls it “one of the most violent, dramatic, and controversial periods” in U.S. history, and while that may be the case, it was also one of the most eye-opening. It highlights the socio-political and economic concerns that are still evident in contemporary society. Immigration and racial equality are by no means unresolved concerns today, but they are social issues where we can confront the failures of the past. There are long-term patterns that have persisted after reconstruction. The Freedman's Bureau, Jim Crow, the Black Codes, and the civil rights movement, all of these came from or were part of Reconstruction. The revolutionary nature of Reconstruction lay not in its implementation but rather in its ideology. This was a nationwide awareness and legitimate application of black empowerment. The success or failure of Reconstruction does not diminish its revolutionary ideals. It is important to recognize the fundamental impact that Reconstruction had in a historical context