During his long, extraordinary and eventful reign, Pius Nonus laid the foundations for the modern papacy. He was the longest-serving Pope to date with a reign of thirty-one years. When his sovereignty was lost, his supporters rallied around him, which led to the Papacy becoming more centralized within Rome. He was known as a politically conservative Pope opposed to modern ideas, although he was also a reformer and innovator within the Catholic Church. The end of his reign marks the separation of the papacy from world political powers. His infallible decision on the Immaculate Conception left the history of the Church lasting, while another contribution to him was the opening of that of the Vatican which led to the definition of papal infallibility. After his return from exile to Rome in 1850 Pius Nonus had strengthened his ultra-conservative views, he projected his condemnation of the Roman republic onto liberalism and modern civilization. This led him to punish revolutionaries, deny his people the right to vote and condemn any modern thought. In his capacity as head of the Church, Pius IX adhered to the principles of ultramontanist thought. Pius IX was seen by many as the enemy of the freedoms of the modern world and through his infamous Syllabus of Errors he condemned all that was right in modern thought. In this Pius claimed for the Church control of all culture and all science, and of the entire educational system. He rejected the freedom of faith, conscience and worship enjoyed by other creeds; and said an easy farewell to the idea of ​​tolerance. Pius IX was also the last Pope to rule as sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to the Italian nationalist armies in 1870 and was... center of paper... Arthur, William. The modern Jupiter; a review of the collection of speeches of Pius Nono. 1st ed. (London: Hamilton, Adams, 1873) Bulman, Raymond F and Frederick J Parrella. From Trento to Vatican II. 1st ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.) Coppa, Frank J. Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Policy in European Affairs. 1st ed. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990)Duffy, Eamon. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. 3rd ed. (Wales: Yale University Press, 1997). Hales, EEY Pio Nono. 1st ed. (New York: P.J. Kenedy, 1954) Riccards, Michael P. Faith and Leadership. 1st ed. (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2012) Strachey, Lytton. Cornerstones: Portraits of four eminent Victorians. 1st ed. (London: Fireship Press, 2009) Tomkins, Stephen. A Brief History of Christianity. 1st ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006)