Additionally, America and Europe began to view the practice with increasing criticism. According to the article “Female Circumcision,” the author states that “France and England, for example, have established educational programs in schools and hospitals, hoping to help teachers and health workers better recognize not only victims of female circumcision but those who may be at risk”. Many African countries such as Sudan, Senegal, Yemen, Chad, Liberia and Mali have already signed. While this is a great first step, other policies need to be implemented and enforced. It is clear that in each African country there must be specific laws prohibiting female genital mutilation. In 1994, Ghana passed a law explicitly banning FGM, followed by several others. Even countries that still hesitate are invited to do so. Enforcement of these laws still proves difficult. Professional associations of doctors, nurses and midwives must take a clear stand against FGM and pass rules banning their members from carrying out the procedure. Doctors must therefore refuse to practice FGM in their communities, as well as educate the public about the medical risks and harmful results of undergoing FGM. The last topic is the profit behind the practice of FC/FMG. A woman's honor depends on her participation in this traditional initiation. Girls report feeling alone and ashamed if they are not circumcised. Castledine states that: “Due to its association with purity, young women who have not been cut have little chance of marrying in countries where FGM is practiced.” So some girls ask to be circumcised while others are dragged by their families. However, for many this procedure is considered vital. Uncircu…… middle of paper…… New York Times (2012): Global Issues In Context. Network. June 27, 2013. Buckwalter, Rebecca. “No end in sight: female mutilation shows no signs of abating.” Harvard International Review 27.1 (2005): 7. Opposing Views in Context. Network. June 18, 2013.Castledine, Jacqueline. “Female genital mutilation: a question of cultural relativism or human rights?” Mount Holyoke College. Coffman, Jennifer E. “Producing FGM in US Courts: Political Asylum in the Post-Kasinga Era.” Africa Today Magazine 53.4 (2007): 59+. Global issues in context. Network. 27 June 2013. "Female circumcision". Global Issues in Context Online Collection. (2013): Global issues in context. Network. June 27, 2013.Mason, Marcia L. Atrocities against women: female genital mutilation. September 1995.Xiaorong Li, “Tolerating the intolerable: the case of female genital mutilation”, quarterly of philosophy and public policy 21. 1 (2001): 4.