MacMillan clearly demonstrates that the colonial narratives of the major imperial powers, including France, Spain and England, are intertwined and that these powers actively competed for control of the New World, seeking to assert their right to colonize. It could be argued that MacMillan's work is representative of an emerging trend in historiography that seeks to challenge the traditional American narrative by framing colonization in a much more international and imperial context. In line with Macmillan's arguments, historian Karen Ordahl Kupperman argues that "American was international before it became national." The colonization of the Americas involved extensive interaction and negotiation between European powers and their colonies. Unlike MacMillan, however, Kupperman also interweaves the involvement of different settler groups and Indian polities into the narrative, promoting a continental history alongside the Atlantic perspective. Historian Alan Taylor also takes the approach of looking at colonization in broader and more fluid terms, including discussions of imperialism and European powers. Taylor also extends the importance of imperial competition to discussions of conflict in the eighteenth century, beyond the time frame in which