Prohibition and other substance prohibitions have a long history in the United States dating back to the late 19th century. Cohen (2006) believes that the root cause of the movement to prohibit drugs, including alcohol, stems from race. In the era of mass immigration to the United States, Chinese, Mexican, black African, and European denominations posed a democratic threat to white “native” Americans. White racial fears amplified the moral problem of drug use for the Protestant Church by associating drugs with individual racial minorities. In 1870, the U.S. government successfully banned whites from visiting opium dens in San Francisco's China Town, isolating the use of opium to Asians. In the 1930s the government banned marijuana to criminalize Mexican farm workers who flooded the Southwest looking for work. During the Progressive Era, Southern leaders created a moral panic by linking urban riots and rape to Black cocaine use: “Cocaine-friendly Negro.” Later in the paper, the Klu Klux Klan was another group known for implementing Protestant morality, such enforcement of the ban on white Catholics. (Cohen, 2006) The growing movement that led to the 18th Amendment began in the late 18th century and remained a controversial topic until the 1930s. From a favorable perspective, alcohol has been ingrained in American culture since the arrival of the first settlers. It was associated with and symbolized the troublesome resistance of the taverns, a historical rallying point where colonial Americans resisted British rule. It also tied communities together and was used to celebrate achievements. It was considered healthy even in moderate doses. On the other hand, between 1800 and 1830, alcohol began to have a more destructive effect on American society... middle of paper... (2009). Murder in Chicago from 1890 to 1930: Prohibition and its impact on alcoholic and nonalcoholic homicides. Addiction, 104(3), 355-364.Cohen, M. (2006). The Jim Crow War on Drugs. Southern Cultures, 12(3), 55-79.Hall, W. (2010). What are the political lessons of national alcohol prohibition in the United States, 1920-1933?. Addiction, 105(7), 1164-1173. No author. (No date). Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments. Retrieved September 25, 2013, from http://www.ushistory.org/documents/amendments.htm#amend18 No author (no date). Prohibition. Retrieved September 25, 2013, from http://bluetouff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/prohibition.jpg Pegram, T. (1955). Fighting the demon Rum. Chicago, United States: Ivan Dee.Schrad, M. (2007). Constitutional Flaws: American Alcohol Prohibition and Repeal as Political Punctuation. Journal of political studies, 35(3), 437-463.