Classical Scientific SchoolThe classical scientific branch was born from the need to increase productivity and efficiency. The emphasis was on trying to find the best way to do the most work by examining how the work process was actually done and carefully analyzing the skills of the workforce. The classical scientific school owes its roots to several important contributors, including Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Frederick Taylor is often called the "father of scientific management". Taylor believed that organizations should study tasks and develop precise procedures. For example, in 1898, Taylor calculated the amount of iron from rail cars that workers at the Bethlehem steel mill could unload if they used the correct movements, tools, and steps. The result was a staggering 47.5 tons per day instead of just 12.5 tons each worker had on average. Furthermore, by redesigning the shovels used by workers, Taylor was able to increase the length of working hours and thus decrease the number of people shoveling from 500 to 140. Finally, he developed an incentive system that paid workers more money to satisfy the new needs. standard. Bethlehem Steel's productivity soared overnight. As a result, many theorists followed Taylor's philosophy in developing their own management principles. Henry Gantt, an associate of Taylor, developed the Gantt chart, a bar chart that measures planned and completed work along each stage of production. Based on time rather than quantity, volume, or weight, this visualization chart has been a widely used planning and control tool since its development in 1910. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, a husband-and-wife team, studied the work movements. Early in Frank's career as an apprentice bricklayer, he was interested in standardization and method study. He observed the bricklayers and saw that some workers were slow and inefficient, while others were very productive. He discovered that each bricklayer used a different set of movements to lay the bricks. From his observations, Frank isolated the basic movements needed to do the job and eliminated unnecessary movements. Workers using these movements increased their production from 1,000 to 2,700 bricks per day. This was the first motion study designed to isolate the best possible method for performing a given job. Later, Frank and his wife Lillian studied the working movements using a movie camera and a split-seconds watch. When her husband died at age 56, Lillian continued their work. Thanks to these collaborators and others, the basic ideas about scientific management were developed..